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Why the name fellows.chat? A fellow is a member of a group (or fellowship) that work together in pursuing mutual knowledge or practice There are many different kinds of fellowships which are awarded for different reasons in academia and industry, often indicating an advanced level of scholarship.

Education and academia

In education and academia there are several kinds of fellowships, awarded for different reasons: Research fellowships Main article: Research fellow

The title of research fellow is used to denote an academic research position at a university or a similar institution and is roughly equivalent to the title of lecturer in the teaching career pathway.[citation needed] Research fellow is also used to refer to the holder of a research fellowship. These are often shortened to the name of the program or organization, e.g. Dorothy Hodgkin Fellow rather than Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellow, except where this might cause confusion with another fellowship, e.g. Royal Society University Research Fellowship).

In the context of graduate school in the United States and Canada, a fellow is a recipient of a postgraduate fellowship. Examples include the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, the Guggenheim Fellowship, the Rosenthal Fellowship, Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship and the Presidential Management Fellowship. It is granted to prospective or current students, on the basis of their academic or research achievements.

In the UK, research fellowships are awarded to support postdoctoral researchers such as those funded by the Wellcome Trust[6] and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC).[7] At ETH Zurich, postdoctoral fellowships support incoming researchers.[8] The MacArthur Fellows Program (aka "genius grant") as prestigious research fellowship awarded in the United States. Teaching fellowships Main article: Teaching fellow

The title of (senior) teaching fellow is used to denote an academic teaching position at a university or similar institution and is roughly equivalent to the title of (senior) lecturer. The title (senior) fellow can also be bestowed to an academic member of staff upon retirement who continues to be affiliated to a university in the United Kingdom.

The term teaching fellow or teaching assistant is used, in the United States and United Kingdom, in secondary school, high school and middle school setting for students or adults that assist a teacher with one or more classes.[9] Fellowships as a prize or honor Main articles: Research fellow, Category:Academic awards, and Honorary title (academic)

Fellowships can be awarded as a prize in their own right, e.g. the Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS) and Fellows are often the highest grade of membership of many professional associations or learned societies, for example, the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators or Royal College of Surgeons. Lower grades are referred to as members (who typically share voting rights with the fellows), or associates (who may or may not, depending on whether "associate" status is a form of full membership). How a fellowship is awarded varies for each society, but may typically involve some or all of these:

A qualifying period in a lower grade
Passing a series of examinations
Nomination by two existing fellows who know the applicant professionally
Evidence of continued formal training post-qualification
Evidence of substantial achievement in the subject area
Submission of a thesis or portfolio of works which will be examined
Election by a vote of the fellowship